A nurse administers a coronavirus test. | Ted S. Warren/AP Photo
A half-dozen states have announced they’re building their own apps to pinpoint the spread of coronavirus so they won’t have to rely on similar efforts from distrusted big tech firms. So far, it’s not going well.
North Dakota is getting spotty data from cell phone towers after relying on an app originally designed to connect its state university football fans on road trips to away games. Utah delayed the rollout of a GPS tracking function after technical difficulties. Other states, like Georgia, are promoting tools that rely on people to self-report new Covid-19 infections, potentially creating gaps in the effort to track the spread of the virus.
Most states are waiting to see whether the Bluetooth-based release from Apple and Google, which is supposed to automatically notify people when they come close to someone who’s tested positive, will be an effective way to monitor outbreaks. Some states are raising concerns that the tech giants’ app won’t allow them to collect enough information due to privacy concerns.
But the new state apps may still be viewed skeptically by a public reluctant to submit to digital tracking. And the early experience of these states is raising questions about whether locally developed apps will gain enough critical mass to help health officials keep tabs on the virus before new hot spots explode. At least one state, North Dakota, is now embracing the Apple-Google collaboration.
Regardless of states’ differing approaches to digital contact tracing, public health experts agree they face a high hurdle getting enough people to trust virtual surveillance to make the effort worthwhile. Almost 60 percent of Americans said they couldn’t or wouldn’t use the system Apple and Google are developing, according to a recent Washington Post-University of Maryland poll.
“Either you have a system unlikely to help people navigate their world, to leave their house and feel safe, or you have privacy trade-offs.” said University of Washington Law School professor Ryan Calo, who recently co-authored a study that found widespread public discomfort with contact tracing technology.
The North Dakota app relies on nearby cell towers and Wi-Fi to follow users’ GPS locations. The state says the technology protects privacy by assigning users a random ID number for tracking movements, and it does not collect personally identifiable information.
Vern Dosch, who heads North Dakota’s contact tracing efforts, said officials believed this approach was better suited for the sparsely populated state — but location data has turned out to be spotty, given that over 20 percent of the population doesn’t have broadband at home. Some app users have complained it often failed to log where they spent time or placed them in locations they never visited.
Fewer than 34,000 North Dakotans have signed up so far, below the state’s original goal of 50,000 — and well short of the 100,000 that Dosch said would provide the state with a much fuller picture. Dosch’s team is working on a marketing campaign aimed at boosting enrollment and addressing residents’ privacy concerns.
In a reversal, residents later this month will have the choice of using a new version of the app incorporating Google’s Bluetooth technology. Dosch acknowledged the state’s decision to partner with the company might worry some, but he said it’s more important to have accurate data on the virus.
“While there’s no question we’ve gotten people who have voiced concerns, and there’s always conspiracy theories out there, in the end it’s about risk and reward,” Dosch said. “We want to fall on the side of giving our citizens every protection we can give them, and if that involves aligning with Apple and Google, then that’s what we’re going to do.”
Utah is also building a GPS-based app that lets users share their location logs with contact tracers. It also captures users’ names and phone numbers with their consent. A spokesperson for the state health department stressed this information would be kept in an anonymized database that staff would manually have to match.
The rollout of the app’s GPS feature was scheduled for this week but has been delayed by technical issues, said spokesperson Tom Hudachko. A slimmed-down version of the app in the meantime has been used by about 47,000 people. Even a few patients sharing information with contact tracers through the technology could prove helpful, Hudachko said.
Several states, including Georgia, are avoiding tracking technology altogether. Instead, they are making apps that let infected patients provide local health information about who they may have exposed.
“This is not the government tracking you,” Georgia health commissioner Kathleen Toomey said this week. “Our app is not one that monitors your every move as you’re driving around. It’s just designed to help our staff monitor cases without having to call everyone.”
However, Georgia’s reliance on self-reporting could leave gaps that make it harder to hunt down potential contacts — especially with more people venturing out into public places as stay-at-home orders are lifted.
