All Eyes on Bars as Virus Surges and Americans Go Drinking

And in East Lansing, home to Michigan State University, nearly 140 cases have been linked to Harper’s, Mr. Hild included. He came down with a sore throat, chest pains and fatigue, and by then — more than a week later — he had already visited four other restaurants.

“I definitely regret doing it,” he said. The outbreak, the largest in the county and possibly the state, prompted Gov. Gretchen Whitmer of Michigan to announce on Wednesday that she was closing indoor seating in bars in parts of the state, including East Lansing.

Public health experts say that the long nights, lack of inhibitions and shoulder-to-shoulder confines inside so many bars — a source of community and relaxation in normal times — now make them ideal breeding grounds for the coronavirus.

Now it is closing time — again.

Governors in California, Texas and Arizona, where coronavirus cases are soaring, have ordered hundreds of newly reopened bars to shut down. Less than two weeks after Colorado’s bars reopened at limited capacity, Gov. Jared Polis ordered them to close.

In other states, local health inspectors have fined bars and revoked their liquor licenses for allowing huge crowds and flouting other new health regulations aimed at curbing the spread of the virus.

Even Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, this week addressed the issue of bars, which he deemed “really not good,” adding, “Congregation in a bar inside is bad news.”

The whipsawing rules have incited a backlash from bar owners who say that bars are being singled out and scapegoated by politicians and on social media as symbols of America’s reckless reopening.

They worry that a second round of closures will destroy their businesses, and question why bars are being targeted for closure while Americans in some states can still eat inside restaurants, wheeze on fitness-center treadmills and shop at malls.

In Texas, a group of bar owners sued Gov. Greg Abbott, a Republican, over his order last week closing the state’s bars, saying that the state’s taverns had been “relegated to Governor Abbott’s loser category and sentenced to bankruptcy.” The closures also spurred protests at the governor’s mansion and at the Texas State Capitol.

Mr. Wegman said he had adhered to every new rule and guideline from the state. He blocked off tables and put up signs telling people to keep six feet from one another. His staff members wore masks and gloves, and cleaned the bar continually.

“We went above and beyond,” he said. “What are you supposed to do different from what we did?”

In recent weeks, as states began reopening public life in phases, some people celebrated their first post-coronavirus haircuts and got long-delayed dental cleanings. Neighborhood bars, back in business, seemed to have a special allure.

“I cringe to see people flocking back into bars, but I get it,” said the novelist and journalist J.R. Moehringer, whose memoir, “The Tender Bar,” chronicles a boyhood among tavern regulars. “It’s an incredibly lonely moment in American history,” he said. “When they let us out of our houses, some of us go for a hike, and others of us go for a beer.”

That beer can pose unique risks. Bars are often smaller and narrower than restaurants, with fewer windows, weaker ventilation systems and less space to squeeze by another person. Pounding music forces people to shout into one another’s faces, spraying more viral particles into the air.

Unlike restaurants where small groups stay at their own tables, bar patrons often linger and mix with one another for hours as drinks dull their caution, including about masks and social distancing. Even the conversations that animate so many evenings at bars — the laughs, the boasts, the stories and jokes — can release 10 times as many particles as a cough, experts say.

“The combination of all the factors — the age, alcohol, time of day, all those things come together to make it hard for even the most conscientious bar manager,” said Kris Ehresmann, director of the Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Division at Minnesota’s Department of Health.

Many of the people being infected at bars and clubs are in their 20s, a group that is more likely to have milder cases of Covid-19. Health experts warn that young people with mild symptoms or none at all still pose a serious threat to older family members or other vulnerable people.

In the hot spot traced to Harper’s in East Lansing, contact tracing has shown that the young adults who were infected spread the virus to people from 16 to 63 years old, health officials said. Mayor Bill de Blasio of New York cited the Harper’s cluster as a reason to re-examine the city’s indoor dining reopening rules for restaurants. Harper’s has been shut down until it can provide a plan to address its failures to enforce mask wearing and social distancing, said Linda Vail, an Ingham County health officer.

Bartenders say they have no good options: Stay closed and go bankrupt, or reopen and trip on shifting standards for how to operate during a pandemic.

When the Knight’s Pub in Orlando, Fla., reopened in early June, it did so with a jubilant Facebook post: “We’re back, baby!” Four days later, the bar was closed after a patron phoned to report a possible case of the coronavirus.

Florida officials eventually suspended the bar’s liquor license and said it was part of a cluster that had contributed to the coronavirus cases of at least 13 employees and 28 patrons. At a news conference, Gov. Ron DeSantis, a Republican, singled out the bar as an example of a place “that was having really big parties, that was just not following the guidelines.”

As part of their evidence, state officials cited two promotional photos of happy patrons holding drinks and crowded together inside the bar. But both photos were taken in 2019, according to Michael D’Esposito, the bar’s owner, who contends the state has used the Knights Pub as a “scapegoat for all Covid-19 cases in the surrounding Orlando area.”

Robel Berhane, 30, was there for happy hour the first day the Knight’s Pub reopened, soaking up a social life he had been missing. He also had a mission: to check out the scene for guidance on how he should go about reopening the bar he manages across town.

The Knight’s Pub, in normal times packed with University of Central Florida students rubbing shoulders, felt weirdly empty.

“It was kind of awkward at first,” he said.

Workers stood at the entrance armed with a clicker to count patrons and keep capacity at 50 percent and a temperature gun to check for fevers. People were turned away both for high temperatures and once the bar reached its limit. Not all customers were wearing masks, but employees were and people posted at the door even wore gloves. Bartenders stopped serving drinks every 30 minutes or so and wiped down bar surfaces to disinfect them.

Jenna Cavaliere, 21, lives across the street from the Knight’s Pub, but she has steered clear of bars, even before the state closed them again.

“I just want to stay safe and make sure I’m not doing anything that could put any people’s health at risk,” she said.

Mark Walker contributed reporting.